ADHD is a common attention disorder that affects around six percent of the world's children. Despite decades of searching for objective markers, ADHD diagnosis is still based on questionnaires, interviews and subjective observation. The results can be ambiguous, and standard behavioural tests don't reveal how children manage everyday situations. Recently, a team consisting of researchers from Aalto University, the University of Helsinki, and Åbo Akademi University developed a virtual reality game called EPELI that can be used to assess ADHD symptoms in children by simulating situations from everyday life.
Now, the team tracked the eye movements of children in a virtual reality game and used machine learning to look for differences in children with ADHD. The new study involved 37 children diagnosed with ADHD and 36 children in a control group. The children played EPELI and a second game, Shoot the Target, in which the player is instructed to locate objects in the environment and "shoot" them by looking at them. This short video shows an example of EPELI gameplay, player responses, and the research findings.
"We tracked children's natural eye movements as they performed different tasks in a virtual reality game, and this proved to be an effective way of detecting ADHD symptoms. The ADHD children's gaze paused longer on different objects in the environment, and their gaze jumped faster and more often from one spot to another. This might indicate a delay in visual system development and poorer information processing than other children," said Liya Merzon, a doctoral researcher at Aalto University.
Brushing your teeth with distractions
Project lead Juha Salmitaival, an Academy Research Fellow at Aalto, explains that part of the game's strength is its motivational value. "This isn't just a new technology to objectively assess ADHD symptoms. Children also find the game more interesting than standard neuropsychological tests," he says.Salmitaival conceived EPELI together with Professor Matti Laine from Åbo Akademi University and Erik Seesjärvi, a doctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki and clinical neuropsychologist at Helsinki University Hospital (HUH). The game is available to neuropsychologists working in pediatric neurology and pediatric psychiatry at HUH.
"Those who are interested can use EPELI as an aid in their clinical work," says Seesjärvi. "The experience has been very positive. All of the neuropsychologists who answered a feedback survey after the first pilot said they had benefit from using virtual reality methods as a complementary tool in their work."
EPELI game development was led by Topi Siro, an Aalto alum who now works at Peili Vision Oy. "The game provides a list of tasks that simulate everyday life, such as brushing your teeth and eating a banana. The player has to remember the tasks despite distractions in the environment, such as a TV being on. The game measures everything: how much the child clicks on the controls and how efficiently they perform the tasks. Efficiency correlates with everyday functioning, whereas children with ADHD often have challenges," says Siro.
Motivation for rehabilitation
The researchers envision broader therapeutic applications for virtual reality games. Beyond assessing symptoms, gaming could also be used as an aid to ADHD rehabilitation. "We want to develop a gamification-based digital therapy that can help children with ADHD get excited about doing things they wouldn’t otherwise do. There’s already an approved game for ADHD rehabilitation in the US," says Salmitaival. The team is exploring rehabilitation possibilities in a project with researchers at the University of Oulu.Linda Henriksson, a senior lecturer at Aalto University who was also involved in the study, notes the exceptional potential of virtual reality for such applications. "I see virtual reality as an interesting tool, because it can be used to precisely control what happens in the stimulus world while at the same time collecting information about behaviour in a natural situation," says Henriksson, an expert in how the brain processes visual information.
Researchers have already identified other potential applications for EPELI in assessing a wide range of difficulties with everyday challenges. For example, it could be used to measure problems in the planning and flexibility of activities in people with autism. With modifications, this approach could also be used to assess language problems, brain trauma, adult ADHD, symptoms related to cerebral palsy and even the deterioration of memory with age. "Our partners in Geneva are studying aging-related diseases. Key opportunities on the horizon include early detection of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer's diseases," says Salmitaival.
The research used the MAGICS infrastructure, an Aalto-led project specialising in virtual technologies. The research was funded by the Academy of Finland, the Aalto Brain Centre and several foundations. The paper was published in Scientific Reports.
Merzon L, Pettersson K, Aronen ET, Huhdanpää H, Seesjärvi E, Henriksson L, MacInnes WJ, Mannerkoski M, Macaluso E, Salmi J.
Eye movement behavior in a real-world virtual reality task reveals ADHD in children.
Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 24;12(1):20308. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24552-4